Software Vault: The Diamond Collection/The Diamond Collection (Software Vault)(Digital Impact).ISO/cdr11/polish_1.zip/POLISH_1.TXT

Text File | 1995-01-26 | 70KB | 1,569 lines

 >>>>>>>>>>          POLISH GENEALOGY    <<<<<<<<<<
               *******************************************

 This document is a collection of postings to the Polish
 Genealogy Echo on FidoNET.

 My interests include tracing someone's Polish ancestry.  As
 I have found a dearth of Polish information in Melbourne, I
 reason that others may also have difficulties.

 I pass the following e-mail postings on in good faith.  I
 have not changed the information content in any way.  I
 have edited layout, mainly to remove the e-mail routing and
 header information.

 Collation does not follow any planned order.

 Of regretful necessity I must include a disclaimer:

 >   I disclaim expertise on the matters presented herein.
 >   I do not warrant that any of the material within this
      file is accurate or correct.  Indeed it is possible
      that some or all of the  information and statements
      herein are false or inaccurate.
 >   I do not warrant the authenticity of claimed
      authorship.  The attached names are as represented
      when the various communications were received,
      typographical errors (if any) excepted.
 >   Use of the information contained herein is at users
      sole discretion, and intending users should
      independently verify any and all statements before
      incuring cost or liability based on use of
      information.

 As this material is drawn from the Polish Genealogy echo of
 FidoNET, it is subject to the rules of that medium.  Those
 rules are posted to the Polish Genealogy Echo by the
 moderator from time to time.

 Briefly, rules include copyright remaining with authors of
 individual works; and the prohibition on commercial use of
 information passing through FidoNET.

 If you are one of those conscientious people who like to
 make payment for services rendered, consider making a
 donation to the Bulletin Board Service where you obtained
 this file.  The BBS sysop incurred expenses in getting it
 to you.  (No, I am not a sysop.)



 Nick Lock
 Melbourne, Australia
  January 1995                  |* GENEALOGICAL SERVICES IN POLAND *|
                  ************************************


 by Bobbi Zee

 There is probably no place in the world, where you couldn't
 find someone of Polish ancestry.  For centuries Polish
 people have emigrated to the other countries, often leaving
 their descendants puzzled about family origins  The search
 for one's roots, the identification of ancestral towns and
 family trees are difficult, but not impossible tasks.  And
 while it is easier to trace the history of wealthy and
 prominent families, especially of noble origin, much can
 also be discovered about middle-class and peasant family
 lines.

 The main help comes form the science of genealogy, a branch
 of history now regaining popularity in Poland.  Actually,
 Polish genealogy was in quite good shape until World War
 II.  Many books and publications on the subject, such as
 "The Polish Crown 1728 - 1744", an 18th century armorial by
 Kasper Nisiecki, and "Polish Armorial" by Adam Boniecki
 were well known and respected all over Europe.  The
 beginning of the 20th century marks the establishment of
 the first genealogical associations in Poland.  The best
 known among them was The Polish Heraldic Society founded in
 Lvov in 1908, which published The Heraldic Monthly magazine
 and the Annals of The Polish Heraldic Society.  While most
 books published on genealogical subjects prior to 1939
 contain reliable information, it must be noted that there
 were also some that purposely falsified historical data
 just so as to fulfill the fashionable public trend toward
 claiming noble heritage.

 The twelve-volume "Encyclopedia of Polish Nobility''written
 by Stanislaw Starykon-Kasprzycki and published in Warsaw
 between 1935 and 1938 is one such example.

 After World War II, genealogy in Poland was in a state of
 decline, having received little support from the communist
 government.  Only the academic research was continued,
 resulting in important publications by Prof. Wlodzimierz
 Dworzaczek.  The turning point occurred in the late 1980s.
 In 1987, a Genealogical-Heraldic Society was established in
 Poznan, and a year later The Polish Heraldic Society once
 again started operating in Warsaw, with the goal of
 continuing its prewar traditions.  The two societies
 publish scientific periodicals: "Gens" quarterly in Poznan,
 and "Scientific Bulletins" in Warsaw. A more accessible
 publication is "Heraldic Magazine", the first mass-market
 periodical in Poland devoted to heraldry, genealogy and
 cultural traditions. Its bilingual, Polish - English
 editions may be obtained from the publisher, ul. Wiolinowa
 7/23, 02-789 Warsaw, tel. [phone].

 In discussing the various ways of tracing genealogical
 roots in Poland, one must not overlook the great role
 played by International Genealogical Societies and Polish
 Genealogical Societies abroad.  In the United States alone,
 Polish Genealogical Societies operate in places as diverse
 as Illinois, New York, Texas and California.  The largest
 genealogical archive and library in the world have been
 established by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
 Saints.  They are located in Salt Lake City and among their
 vast holding contain microfilmed copies of a large portions
 of the Polish National Archives.  For those, who wish to
 undertake their genealogical search directly in Poland, a
 few preliminary observations might prove helpful.  First,
 it must be noted that, in accordance with a 1983 Act on
 Archives, all foreigners seeking archival information are
 required to obtain permission from the Head Office of
 National Archives in Warsaw.

 Address:  P.O. Box 1005,                               tel: [phone]
           ul Dluga 6,
           00-950 Warszawa,

 Because of the time-consuming nature of a genealogical
 search, all subsequent inquiries are best made by
 correspondence, either in English or in Polish.

 In order to begin a search in the public registry, one must
 know the place of birth, the name of the parish or the
 location of the registry office, and the rite of the
 baptismal ceremony.  All available documents should be
 submitted, along with additional family information.  Given
 the frequent administrative changes in Poland, even small
 details may prove essential.  The Head Office on National
 Archives supervises the work of all archives in Poland.
 Among its resources are public registries and some Church
 registry records, including the registry of the Evangelical
 church, and a thorough collection of public registries from
 the Prussian sector of partitioned Poland.  It must be
 noted that the national archives do not receive registry
 records until 100 years after their creation.  The most
 recent records held in the archives today date therefore to
 1890-1892.

 There are three central national archives in Poland: The
 Main Archive of Old Records, The Archive of New Records,
 and The Archive of Mechanical Documentation, all located in
 Warsaw.  For the purposes of genealogical research, the
 most important among them is The Main Archive of Old
 Records, which contains some of the registries from the
 lands east of the Bug River, today mostly Ukrainian.  The
 fate of most of the registries from the former Eastern
 Poland is unknown.  According to archivists, some are
 located in the Central Warsaw Public Registry Office, some
 at the Catholic University in Lublin, others in the
 diocesan archives in Belarus and Lithuania.

 Another organization that may be of help in the search of
 family roots is the Center for Documentation of Polish
 Emigration at the Polonia House in Pultusk, established in
 1992.  The center is in the process of collecting a wide
 range of documents and artifacts pertaining to the lives of
 Poles in exile.  It offers genealogical research free of
 charge, but limited in scope to materials available at the
 center's library.  There is a comprehensive list of Poles
 who emigrated to the United States since 1918, and a list
 of draftees from the United States to Gen. Haller's Polish
 army units.  The center's address:

 Osrodek Dokumentacji Wychodzstwa Polskiego przy Domu
 Polonii w Pultusku 06-100 Pultusk - Zamek, Poland, tel. 238
 2031, fax [phone].

 Genealogical research is also done by private companies.
 One such company is "Piast' of Warsaw. Address: P.O. Box 9,
 00-957 Warszawa, Poland.

 Another private company is headed by Andrzej and Jan
 Onisko, ul. Bednarska 25, 00321 Warsaw, tel. [phone].
 It specializes in engraving services of coats of arms on
 any material, but one may also order there a decorative
 painting of one's genealogical tree.

 Genealogy is becoming more and more popular in Poland, and
 the services offered by the various Polish companies - more
 professional and more complete.  While the first stages of
 a genealogical inquiry can be best completed by
 correspondence, a trip to Poland often proves useful.  For
 one thing, some of the details of the search may be better
 supervised in person; for another, the opportunity of
 visiting one's ancestral towns is likely to turn into a
 unique experience that will be remembered forever, captured
 in one's memory, on photographs or on video.

 There are many travel agencies in Poland that will help you
 arrange the entire itinerary of such a trip.

 Further information may be also obtained from the two
 centers of the Polish National Tourist Office in The United
 States:

 Polish National Tourist Office in Chicago            tel: [phone]
 333 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 224                    fax: [phone]
 Chicago, IL 60601

 Polish National Tourist Office in New York           tel: [phone]
 275 Madison Ave., Suite 1711                         tel: [phone]
  New York, NY 10016                     |*  The ARCHIVES of POLAND  *|
                      ****************************


 by Bobbi Zee
 November 1994



 STATE ARCHIVE SYSTEM

 Archival Repositories Administered by the Central
 Administration of the State Archive System.

 Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwqow Panstwowych
 (Administrative Offices of the State Archive System)
 00-238 WARSZAWA, ul. Dluga 6

 Archiwum Glowne Akt Dawnych
 00-263 WARSZAWA, ul. Dluga 7
 (National repository for documents produced prior to 1945)

 Archiwum Akt Nowych
 02-554 WARSZAWA, Al. Niepodleglosci 162
 (National repository for contemporary records)

 Archiwum Dokumentacji Mechanicznej
 00-202 WARSZAWA, ul. Swietojerska 24
 (Film, tape archive)

 REGIONAL ARCHIVES

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Bialymstoku
 15-950 BIALYSTOK,  Rynek T. Kosciuszki 4
 Branch:
 18-400 LOMZA, ul. Swierczewskiego 36

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Bydgoszczy
 85-009 BYDGOSZCZ, ul. Dworcowa 65
 Branch:
 88-100 INOWROCLAW, ul. Narutowicza 58

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Czestochowie
 42-200 CZESTOCHOWA, ul. Warszawska 172

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Elblagu
 82-200 MALBORK,  Zamek

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Gdansku
 80-958 GDANSK, ul. Waly Piastowskie 5

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Jeleniej Gorze
 58-500 JELENIA GORA,  ul. Podwale 27
  Archiwum Panstwowe w Kaliszu
 62-800 KALISZ, ul. Kolegialna 4

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Katowicach
 40-950 KATOWICE,  ul. Jagiellonska 25
 Branches:
 42-500 BEDZIN  ul. Sienkiewicza 33
 43-300 BIELSKO-BIALA, ul. Slowackiego 80
 41-902 BYTOM,  Pl. Thalmanna 2
 32-500 CHRZANOW, ul. Krakowska 21a
 43-400 CIESZYN, ul. Regera 6
 44-100 GLIWICE, ul. Zygmunta Starego 8
 32-603 OSWIECIM,  Muzeum Blok 1
 43-200 PSZCZYNA, ul. Brama Wybrancow 2
 47-400 RACIBORZ, ul. Zamkowa 2
 44-200 RYBNIK, ul. Rynek 18
 42-600 TARNOWSKIE GORY, ul. Gliwicka 5
 34-300 ZYWIEC, ul. Marchlewskiego 2

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Kielcach
 25-953 KIELCE, ul. Rewolucji Pazdziernikowej 17
 Branches:
 28-300 JEDRZEJOW,  ul. Wl. Rejmonta 21a
 28-400 PINCZOW,  ul. Batalinow Chlopskich 42
 27-600 SANDOMIERZ, ul. Basztowa 4
 27-210 STARACHOWICE, ul. Spoldzielcza 2

 Archiwum Panstwowe Koszalinie
 75-601 KOSZALIN, ul. Zwyciestwa 117
 Branch:
 78-400 SZCZECINEK, ul. Parkowa 3

 Anchiwum Panstwowe Krakowie
 31-041 KRAKOW, ul. Sienna 16
 Branches:
 32-700 BOCHNIA, ul. Kazimierza Wielkiego 31
 33-300 NOWY SACZ,  ul. Szwedzka 2
 34-400 NOWY TARG,  ul. Krolowej Jadwigi 10
 33-100 TARNOW,  ul. Kniewskiego 24

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Lesznie
 65-100 LESZNO, ul. Boleslawa Chrobrego 32

 Archiwum Panstwowe Lublinie
 20-950 LUBLIN, ul. Trybunalska 13
 Branches;
 22-300 KRASNYSTAW,  Plac 1 Maja 1
 23-210 KRASNIK, ul. Dzierzynskiego 2
 21-300 RADZYN PODLASKI, ul. Miedzyrzeczka 2

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Lodzi
 91-415 LOdZ, Plac Wolnosci 1
 Branches:
 95-200 PABIANICE, ul. Wandy Wasilewskiej 6
 98-200 SIERADZ, ul. 15 Grudnia 5

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Olsztynie
 10-074 OLSZTYN, ul. Zamkowa 3
 Branches:
 14-300 MORAG, ul. Hanki Sawickiej 4
 11-700 MRAGOWO, ul. Armii Czerwonej 55
 12-100 SZCZYTNO, ul. Polska 35

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Opolu
 45-016 OPOLE, ul. Zamkowa 2
 Branches:
 49-300 BRZEG, ul. Boleslawa Chrobrego 17
 48-300 NYSA, ul. Kolejowa 15

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim
 97-300 PIOTRKOW TRYBUNALSKI, ul. Torunska 4
 Branch:
 97-200 TOMASZOW MAZOWIECKI, ul. Tkacka 2

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Plocku
 09-402 PLOCK, ul. 1 Maja 1

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Poznaniu
 61-744 POZNAN, ul. 23 Lutego 41/43
 Branches:
 62-500 KONIN, ul. Wojska Polskiego 18
 64-920 PILA, ul. Kilinskiego 12

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Przemyslu
 37-700 PRZEMYSL ul. Polskiego Czerwonego Krzyza 4
 Branch:
 37-200 PRZEWORSK, ul. Rynek 1

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Radomiu
 26-600 RADOM,  Rynek 1

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Rzeszowie
 35-064 RZESZOW, ul. Boznicza 4
 Branch:
 38-200 JASLO ul. Lenartowicza 9

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Siedlcach
 08-100 SIEDLCE ul. 1 Maja 2

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Slupsku
 76-200 SLUPSK,  ul.  M. Buczka 17
 Branches:
 77-200 MIASTKO, ul. Grunwaldzka 1
 76-100 SLAWNO, ul. M. Curie Sklodowskiej 1

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Suwalkach
 16-400 SUWALKI, ul. Kosciuszki 69
 Branch:
 19-300 ELK, ul. Kapielowa 1
  Archciwum Panstwowe w Szczecinie
 70-410 SZCZECIN, ul. Sw. Wojciecha 13
 Branches:
 66-450 LUBCZYNO, Bogdaniec
 73-310 PLOTY  ul. Zamkowa 2
 73-110 STARGARD SZCZECINSKI,  ul. Basztowa 2

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Toruniu
 87-100 TORUN, Plac Rapackiego 4
 Branches:
 86-300 GRUDZIADZ, ul. Mickiewicza 26
 87-100 WLOCLAWEK, ul. Kosciuszki 13

 Archiwum Panstwowe Miasta Stolecznego Warszawy
 00-270 WARSZAWA, ul. Krzywe Kolo 7
 Branches:
 13-200 DZIALDOWO, ul. Wl. Jagielly 31
 05-530 GORA KALWARIA,  ul. Ks. Sajny 1
 99-400 LOWICZ, ul. Swierczewskiego 1
 06-500 MLAWA, ul. Nowotki 3
 05-100 NOWY DWOR MAZOWIECKI, ul. Kosciuszki 1
 05-400 OTWOCK, ul. Gorna 7
 06-100 PULTUSK,  ul. Zaulek 2
 96-200 RAWA MAZOWIECKA, ul. Kosciuszki 5
 05-730 ZYRARDOW, Plac Wolnosci 2

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Wroclawiu
 50-215 WROCLAW,  ul. Pomorska 2
 Branches:
 58-370 BOGUSZOW,  ul. Poniatowskiego 57
 59-220 LEGNICA, ul.Piastowska 22

 Archiwum Panstwowe z Zamosciu
 22-400 ZAMOSC, ul. Moranda 4

 Archiwum Panstwowe w Starym Kisielinie
 66-002 STARY KISIELIN 31
 Branches:
 66-200 WILKOW SWIEBODZIN,  Palac
 68--200 ZARY, Plac Kardynala Wyszynskiego 2

  ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHIVES

 Archiwum Archidieczjalne w Bialymstoku
 15-087 BIALYSTOK, ul. Koscielna 1

 Archiwum Diecezjalne w Czestochcowie
 42-200 CZESTOCHOWA,  Al. Najs. Maryi Panny 54

 Archiwum Diecezjalne w Gdansku
 80-300 GDANSK, ul. Opacka 5

 Archiwum Archidiecezjalne w Gnieznie
 62-200 GNIEZNO  - katedra
  Archiwum Diecezjalne w Katowicach
 40-053 KATOWICE, ul. Jordana 39

 Archiwum Diecezjalne w Kielcach
 25-013 KIELCE, ul. Swierczewskiego 23

 Archiwum Kurii Metropolitalnej w Krakowie
 31-004 KRAKOW , ul. Franciszkanska 3

 Archiwum Archidiecezjalne w Lubaczowie
 37-600 LUBACZOW,  ul. Adama Mickiewicza 77

 Archiwum Diecezjalne w Lublinie
 20-105 LUBLIN,  ul. Mariana Buczka 2

 Archiwum Diecezjalne w Lomzy
 18-400 LOMZA, ul. Sadowa 3

 Archiwum Diecezjalne w Lodzi
 90-458 LODZ, ul. Worcella 1

 Archiwum Diecezjalne w Olsztynie
 10-020 OLSZTYN, ul. Staszica 2

 Archiwum Diecezjalne w Pelplinie
 83-130 PELPLIN, Ogrod Biskupi 1

 Archiwum Diecezjalne w Plocku
 09-900 PLOCK, ul Wolnej Afryki 2

 Archiwum Archidiecezjalne W Poznaniu
 61-108 POZNAN, ul. Lubranskiego 1

 Archiwum Diecezjalne w Przemyslu
 37-700 PRZEMYSL, ul. Sanocka 20a

 Archiwum Diecezjalne w Sandomierzu
 27-600 SANDOMIERZ, ul. Sciegiennego 2

 Archiwum Diecezjalne w Siedlcach
 08-110 SIEDLCE, ul. Swierczewskiego 60

 Archiwum Diecezjalne w Tarnowie
 33-100 TARNOW, Pl. Sw. Kazimierza 3

 Archiwum Archidieczjalne w Warsawie
 00-288 WARSZAWA, ul. Swietojanska 8

 Archiwum Diecezjalne w Wloclawku
 87-800 WLOCLAWEK, ul. Mariana Buczka 9

 Archiwum Archidiecezjalne w Wroclawiu
  50-328 WROCLAW,  ul. Kanonia 12                   |*  POLISH CHURCH CENSUS BOOKS  *|
                   |*  A Rich and Valuable Source  *|
                   **********************************

 by Bobbi Zee
 November 1994

 In the mid-sixteenth century, the Catholic Church decreed
 that all pastors were to become acquainted with their
 parishioners on a personal level.  This pronouncement was
 no doubt linked to the humanistic movement of the era which
 placed emphasis on the individual and the family.  The
 trend, actively supported by the Jesuits, also had as its
 goal that the priest be better informed as to the
 demographic and social structure of his parish.

 For this reason it was mandated that the pastor make annual
 visits to all parishioners and record the information on
 the family in registers of Status Animarum, or, more simply
 put, census books.  Church documents mention this
 requirement in Italy and Austria in 1569.  In 1614 Pope
 Paul IV issued a bull regarding the keeping of all types of
 parish documentation, including these registers, which are
 known in Polish as "Ksiegi Status Animarum."

 Compliance to these regulations was slow in all of Europe.
 In Poland various references were made to the books in the
 early 1600s.  In 1601, for example, Cardinal Bernard
 Maciejewski of Krakow during a synod in Krakow issued
 precise instructions as to the method by which the
 information was to be gathered and recorded.  In general
 the priests were required to list the names of the villages
 in the parish, how many households were located in each
 village, and the names, ages, and relationships of the
 individuals residing in each household.  Individual
 diocesan synods in Poland as late as 1643 were still
 discussing and debating the issue, indicating that
 compliance was still not total.

 As time went on, more information was required to be
 recorded in these registers.  The type and quality of the
 information varied from diocese to diocese.  By 1850, for
 example, the registers in the Nowy Sacz region required
 information not only on the Catholic population but on
 individuals of other religions as well.  Information on
 civil status, as well as receiving the sacraments, were
 some of the added features as well as dates of birth,
 death, and marriage in the family unit.  Some of these
 registers went as far as indicating who had been vaccinated
 against smallpox and providing data on military service.

 The most complete and varied information was kept in the
 territory under Austrian rule.  The opposite is true for
 the territory under Russia.  Many of the early registers
 have not survived to modern times.  Only four parishes have
 registers from the 1700s or earlier.  Two are in the
 Archdiocese of Gniezno (Szubin -1766 and Pepowo -1777), one
 in the Diocese of Kielce (Daleszyce -1797) and one in the
 Diocese of Warmia (Dobre Miasto -1695).  Later registers of
 this type, if extant, are still for the most part in parish
 archives.  Very few have been centralized in diocesan
 repositories.
                    |*  EASTERN EUROPEAN "-ULA" NAMES  *|
                  *************************************


 Andrew G. Fabula,
 5497 Coral Reef Ave.,
 La Jolla, CA 92037
 United States of America



 Strangers will often remark to me that my surname "Fabula"
 must be of Italian or Spanish origin, etc.  I explain that
 the name came from Slovakia, that "fabula" means "story,
 fable," etc.  in Latin and other languages (but not
 Italian), that Latin was the common language throughout
 most of Europe for a long, long time, so that apparently my
 surname is a Latin name of Slovak ethnic origin.  But I've
 never been fully satisfied by that explanation.  And when I
 came upon many other -ula names from Eastern Europe that
 weren't Latin words, I began to look further into how these
 -ula names originated.  I'm still looking; perhaps what
 I've found so far will interest others.

 According to studies on surnames and their evolutional
 forms, they can be classified in four categories based on:
 locality, kinship, nicknames, and occupation.  Usually the
 endings that appear with many surnames are those for
 kinship and locality.  I haven't found any discussion of
 the -ula ending, perhaps because it is not very common. But
 once one looks for them, -ula names from Eastern Europe are
 fairly numerous.  Here are those that I've found for which
 ethnic origin is fairly certain:


 Polish:
     Ankula, Babula, Cebula, Deptula, Dzula, Fudula, Gdula,
      Gula, Jaskula, Jula, Karkula, Kukula, Kula, Mamula,
      Matula, Midgula, Mikula, Nocula, Orszula, Pamula,
      Patykula, Padygula, Pukula, Sawula, Sutula, Swiergula,
      Szychula, Wargula

 Slovak or Carpatho-Rusyn:
     Cerula, Cirula, Csula, Fabula, Fagula, Fatula, Fekula,
      Gradula, Grula, Gula, Hanula, Jancula, Krasula,
      Mandula, Mikula, Pikula, Pribula, Shypulla, Sula,
      Tekula, Vacula

 Ukrainian:
     Bula, Kawula, Mula, Pakula, Pitsula, Smakula

 Hungarian:
     Bobula, Szedula


 I've collected these names from T. J. Obal's volumes on
 Polish surnames, Joseph J. Hornack's directory of names
 from Slovakia, and other publications in which ethnic
 origin was explicit.  So far, the only case of duplication
 is Mikula, which is both Polish and Slovak.  I've ignored
 cases of spelling variations of the -ula ending, such as
 ulja, ulla, ulya, and uqla, because they were few in
 number, and becausethe -ula spelling was found also for
 each name.  However, such spelling variations are
 considered later in some cases.

 We can use this collection of -ula names to try to learn
 about their origins.  First, it is notable that some of the
 names have meaning in local languages.  For example,
 "bobul'a" = berry (Slovak), "cebula" = onion (Polish),
 "fabula" = story (Slovak), "fabuqla" = fable (Polish),
 "gula" = knob (Polish), and "gul'a" = ball (Slovak).  (Some
 of these meanings are found only in older dictionaries).
 Thus, some -ula names seem to have originated as nicknames
 or occupational names.  (One theory for the origin of my
 own name is therefore that an ancestor was a village
 story-teller).  However, most -ula names do not have
 dictionary meanings.

 The stem parts of the -ula names usually consist of just
 one syllable.  Those stems also appear in other names,
 which suggests that -ula was added to a word that already
 was a name.  For example, Patyk in Patykula might come from
 the Polish word for "stick," and Kras in Krasula might come
 from the Slovensky Kras region of Slovakia.  And there are
 many towns in Poland, such as Babin, Gulin, Jastkow,
 Karkowo, etc., whose names seem related to the stem parts
 of many Polish -ula names.

 Thus, it seems possible that such -ula names were created
 by adding the Latin diminutive ending -ula to words from
 the local language.  Perhaps the -ula gave the name a
 desirable Latin look, i. e., made the name a "Latinism."
 Many stems were often used with other Latin-form endings,
 as in Babus, Babian, Fabus, Fabian, Mikus, etc., and those
 stems also appear with Slavic endings, as in Babik,
 Babicky, Fabich, etc.  Thus, Fabula might have come from
 the stem Fab plus -ula, rather than from the Latin/Slovak
 word fabula.

 Perhaps the -ula ending was used in some cases with a
 diminutive sense in mind, indicating small size or, by
 extension, a kinship relation.  One documented case of the
 latter might seem to be the name Dracula!  No, not that of
 the vampire, but that of the real Dracula, a Romanian
 prince and tyrant of the 15th century.  His name did mean
 "son of the devil" or "son of the dragon," but the original
 spelling was Draculea, and his father's name was Dracul.
 In Romanian, the -ul suffix is the definite article, and
 the -ea indicates "son of."  Thus, the -ula in Dracula is
 not a case of the Latin -ula ending.

 Speaking of old names, if we include names ending in -ula,
 the oldest use of an -ula name that I've found so far is in
 the Polish coat of arms Bodu`a, dating to the 13th century
 (Polish
 Genealogical Society Newsletter, Spring 1987).  It seems
 clear that its -ula ending is from the Latin, despite the
 diacritic, as in the case of the Polish word fabu`a,
 mentioned earlier.

 Some Slavic names seem to have evolved from -ula names; for
 example, I've seen Babulik, Fabulewicz, Matulevich,
 Prztulski, etc.  Presumably these came later; perhaps they
 reflect the loss of popularity of Latin-look names with the
 rise of European
 nationalism.

 These speculations don't touch on some interesting
 questions.  For example, is the Latinized name Vistula for
 the Polish Wisla (River) relevant to the -ula names?  The
 -ula ending in Latin is feminine; why is the masculine
 ending, -ulus, relatively uncommon?  Is there a connection
 between the Slovak diminutive ending -ulka and the Latin
 -ula suffix?

 I would appreciate comments and suggestions to aid this
 research on -ula names from Eastern Europe, especially any
 information on the meaning or origin of any -ula name.]

                        *| DETAILED MAPS OF POLAND |*
                      *****************************

 Daniel M. Schlyter,
 Family History Library,
 35 North West Temple Street,
 Salt Lake City, UT 84150
 USA


 The Family History Library has acquired a very valuable set
 of maps of Poland.  It is available on a set of over 500
 microfiche.  The microfiche number for the set is
 6,312,622.  This set of maps covers the areas that were
 part of Poland between the first and second World Wars,
 from 1918 to 1939.  Thus it includes detailed maps of the
 areas of Poland which were ceded to the Soviet Union in
 1945.  But it does not include maps of the areas of western
 Poland which belonged to Germany before 1945.  Detailed
 maps of the former German Empire are found on Family
 History Library microfilm number 68,814.

     Tactical maps of the Old Polish Republic
     Scale 1: 100,000
     Published between 1926 and 1938 by the Wojskowy
      Institut Geograficzny (Military Geographical
      Institute) in Warsaw.

 These maps were originally created for tactical military
 purposes, but they are of great value to historical and
 genealogical research. The great detail of these maps makes
 it possible to find even the smallest localities.  The
 details shown include fields, streams, manor estates,
 churches, and even tiny settlements of two or three
 buildings.

 Features

 Relief (hills and valleys) is shown by contour lines and
 shading.  The elevation is given (in meters) for some
 specific spots.  Some of the maps were compiled from
 Russian sources and these show place names in Polish and in
 the Russian Cyrillic alphabet.  Cultural features are shown
 by symbols.  A key to these symbols is found on many of the
 individual maps and on the third microfiche of the set.
 How to Use the Polish Maps

 This map set includes a "Skorowidz Map" (Index Map).  It is
 the second microfiche in the set.  This index map is marked
 off into grid squares.  Each square is labeled with the
 name of a major city in the square and with two numbers
 separated by a hyphen (-).  These numbers refer to the
 "Pas" (row) and "Slup" (column).  There is a separate
 microfiche for each map.  The maps are filed in numerical
 order.  Look for the Pas number and then the Slup number.

 EXAMPLE: To find a locality near Ostrow Mazowiecka in east
 central Poland:

    Step 1 -- Start with the Skorowidz (Index) Map.
    Step 2 -- Find the square grid that includes the desired
 area: Ostrow
              Mazowiecka.
    Step 3 -- Note the Pas-Slup numbers: 37-34
    Step 4 -- Microfiche are shelved in Pas-Slup number
 order.  Pick out
              the fiche for 37-34 and insert it into the
 fiche reader.
    Step 5 -- Copies can be made from the fiche with a
 microfiche copier.

                       A Polish-Russian Name Index for
                    the 1870 Census in New York City


 Marlene Silverman,
 3701 Connecticut Ave.,
 Apt. 228, Washington, DC 20008
 USA


 Marlene Silverman is employed by the U.S. Department of
 Health and Human Services.  She has a Ph.D. in Psychology
 and is a member of the Washington, D.C. Jewish Genealogical
 Society.

 Over the past year I have developed a new research aid
 related to persons of Polish-Russian nativity in the 1870
 Census for New York City (Second Enumeration).  It evolved
 from a much more limited effort years ago to identify
 certain Jewish families from Suwalki in the Seventh and
 Tenth Wards.  The project seemed to take on a life of its
 own as I read further in the historical literature and the
 logic of limiting the scope to Lower Manhattan, as
 originally intended, began to break down.  By 1870 a
 considerable number of Polish and Russian Jews had moved
 Uptown, along with the German-Jewish majority.
 Consequently, "Houston Street and no further north" gave
 way to "Fourteenth Street, and that's it," until I found
 myself covering all 40 rolls of microfilm for the 22 wards
 in the Old City of New York.

 Because of complaints from New York and Philadelphia that
 the 1870 summer enumeration resulted in population
 undercounts, a re-enumeration was held in those cities in
 December and the following January.  It was no doubt due to
 these sensitivities that census takers for the
 re-enumeration in both cities, contrary to the general
 format of the 1870 Census, carefully recorded a street
 address for each dwelling.  Unlike New York, however, the
 re-enumeration in Philadelphia omitted place of birth and
 occupation.  As a result, the final enumeration for New
 York City may be unique among all jurisdictions in the 1870
 Census.  The 1870 Census lists the head of the household
 first, followed by spouse, children, and any other persons
 of the same or different surname living with them.  The
 final product now taking shape is an alphabetical index by
 surname of all Polish- and Russian-born "heads of
 households" with first name, age, and place of birth for
 those persons and others of the same surname 15 years of
 age and older who appear to have been with them.  Also
 included for each entry are names of minors, listed from
 the oldest to the youngest, the street address, and a
 census code identifying the ward, election district, and
 page number.  There are about 1,850 "households" in the
 index with an estimated total of 7,500-8,000 persons, at
 least 85% of whom appear to be Jewish.  Many of the Polish
 immigrants in the first half of the 19th century came from
 the Prussian-occupied province of Posen; a steady stream of
 migration from the more Eastern territories that later
 formed the Pale of Settlement began after 1845.  During the
 late 1860's in particular there was a fairly large wave of
 Jewish immigration from the provinces of Suwalki and Kovno
 and other parts of Great Poland, spurred by the lure of
 skilled employment opportunities in New York's garment
 industry as well as reaction to years of famine and a
 cholera epidemic in 1868.

 The historical accounts in the "Memorial Book for Suwalki
 and Vicinity," (N.Y.C., 1961), which probably have their
 parallels in other Polish provinces, portray rather
 organized and planful Jewish communities sending their
 advance agents across the sea long before 1881 -- sometimes
 at the community's expense -- to establish hospitable
 "colonies" (as they called them) which would meet the
 religious requirements of the Landsmen who later poured in.
 In a letter of December 15, 1881 quoted in the "Jewish
 Community Book for Suwalk and Vicinity" (Tel Aviv, 1989) a
 community leader in Suwalk wrote: "The emigration to the
 United States has grown perceptibly in the last decades.
 There is no family in our area which does not have a
 brother, an uncle or a friend in America who have made
 great progress and growth there."

 As is true of the post-1880 period, intelligent use of the
 older American records in researching East European
 families is hampered by the frequency of name changing.
 The most common specific surname in my index is Levy,
 followed by Cohen, both with minor alternate spellings.
 Most common among general name forms are those which are
 patronymic (variants of Abram, Jacob, etc.) and the
 typically Jewish flowery ones (there are over 20 separate
 entries for Rosenthal alone).  Only a small number of
 surnames indicating Polish place of origin will be found in
 this index, and with a few exceptions, those appear to be
 non- Jewish families, judging by first names. Yet, I would
 estimate that about 50% of the surnames in the
 Polish-Jewish records for dozens of localities in the
 Suwalki area which I have seen for the 1808-1865 period are
 of that type.  Of the 12 known surnames on my paternal
 side, six were derived from the names of villages in
 Suwalki or places nearby: Nowowiesky (Nowiej), Karashevsky/
 Karashinsky (Karascewe), Wilensky, Grodzinsky, and two
 lines of descent from one patriarch named Golumbieski.
 Conspicuously absent too are the many Polish surnames
 derived from occupations, which are also quite common in
 the Polish-Jewish records: Pickarski, Mlynarski, Kowalsky,
 Piwowarski, Zelazniki -- these and others like them seem to
 have been magicked away.
  Some names may have been changed by immigration officials.
 But it is easy to believe that being a people historically
 equipped with good adaptive instincts, and knowing how they
 felt about their former host country, they needed little
 prompting to shed "Beryszysznski" in favor of "Levy"  (from
 "the Levite" or perhaps "son of Leyb").

 On a more hopeful note, it is known that far less
 name-changing occurred among those with Germanic surnames,
 and numerous such families are also found in the
 Polish-Jewish records.  Some, of course, brought those
 names East from Germany or Austria, but often they were
 simply adopted out of an affiliation with the German-Jewish
 culture and a desire to be distinguished from the Slavic
 peasantry.  So while I do not plan to chase after
 Nowowieskys and Karashinskys on this side of the ocean --
 Thaddeus Nowowieski, the fruit seller I once found in an
 old City Directory, is not my kin -- at least there may be
 clues to be found in old American archives pertaining to
 those among our East European ancestors who never used
 Slavic-sounding names.

 Some Suwalker descendants laugh off the "Germany" nativity
 with the comment, "That's how they thought of themselves."
 My father first told me he came from "a small city in
 Poland, but we thought of it as Germany because it was near
 the border."  Personal affiliations, though, do not always
 dispose people to respond incorrectly in a census.  As the
 inconsistencies over months in N.Y.C. suggest, there are
 other explanations.  A lot of erroneous information was no
 doubt supplied by landlords and neighbors.  But another
 factor is the failure of the Census to address Polish
 origin effectively until 1910, leaving enumerators largely
 on their own to apply some criterion.

 In 1910 enumerators were told to designate Poles as either
 Poland-Russia, Poland-Germany, or Poland-Austria, depending
 on the current sovereignty of their birthplace.  But this
 policy was slow to evolve.  Although Poland was introduced
 as a place of origin in 1870, the whole of the instruction
 on nativity for the foreign-born in 1870 and 1880 was: "If
 of foreign birth, the country will be named as specifically
 as possible.  Instead of `Great Britain'...give the
 particular country, as England, Scotland, Wales.  Instead
 of `Germany' specifiy the State, as Prussia, Baden, ...
 etc."

 Most of the enumerators in N.Y.C.  tried to do this.
 Still, of the 151,216 Germans counted there, "Germany"  was
 the origin for 54% (with 20% Prussian and 26% from the
 other 13 States).  In many cases "Germany" may have been
 the best information available, but no doubt included in
 that category were a significant number from the
 German-occupied Polish territories.  And bearing in mind
 that the Yiddish of Suwalki sounded so much like German
 that some Jews could not tell the difference, we will never
 know how many of those "Poles" were also placed there based
 on language.  In 1900 one instruction on Poland was
 (regrettably) provided: "In case the person speaks POLISH
 [emphasis added], as Poland is not now a country, inquire
 whether the birthplace was... German Poland, or Austrian
 Poland, or Russian Poland...."

 By 1880 the Jews were already using the Russia-Poland
 distinction when  referring to themselves in their own
 literature, and it was widely used in the 1880 and 1900
 Censuses in N.Y.C., if not elsewhere.  This is clearly one
 of those cases where policy evolved from practice, not the
 other way around.  The primary audience for this article is
 the 27 U.S. Jewish Genealogical Societies, and selected
 others with a presumed interest.  Reproduction of any parts
 of it or mention of the contents in quarterly newsletters
 or elsewhere would be very much appreciated.  A copy of the
 full article is available from me.

 I hope to have available by December a hard-bound volume
 priced under $38, which will be advertised in "Avotaynu."
 Upon the sale of a minimum number of copies to cover
 expenses, it will be provided at no cost to the Federal
 government for use in the Washington, DC facilities of the
 National Archives.  Early indications of interest would
 help to establish publication costs and will not be
 construed as a commitment to purchase.

                          Tracing Emigrants through
                         Hamburg Police Records
                        *************************


 Martin A. Diestler


 This previously unknown source was revealed at the Polish
 Genealogical Society's Tenth Annual Fall Workshop, held on
 October 21, 1989 at the Chicago Public Library, Culture
 Center.  Martin A. A. Diestler is an attorney with the
 Chicago-based law firm of Rooks, Pitts, and Poust.  He was
 educated at Victoria University and California State
 University, where he received his bachelor's degree with
 high honors.  He earned his Juris Doctor from Northwestern
 University Law School in 1981.  He is the current director
 of the Naperville branch of the LDS Family History Center
 and has served as chairman of the Council of Northeastern
 Illinois Genealogical Societies.

 Most German researchers with modest experience are familiar
 with the existence of the Einwohnermeldeamt.  This is an
 office of local government (amt) concerned with the
 movement (melde) of inhabitants (Einwohner). In typical
 German cities it is administered by the police department,
 and has the responsibility of keeping track of those who
 live in the city, where they live, when they arrived, and
 from where.  Of particular interest to American descendants
 of German emigrants are the records kept by the police
 department in the port city of Hamburg.

 The Hamburg records have particular appeal for several
 reasons:

 1)  They pre-date the Hamburg passenger lists.
 2)  They may provide information on an ancestor thought to
      have sailed from Hamburg who does not appear on the
      passenger lists.
 3)  They may provide a more accurate and traceable place
      of origin than the passenger list, since the passenger
      may have given to the shipping company as his former
      place of residence (bisheriger Wohnort) either (a) his
      place of birth, (b) the place he lived longest, (c)
      the place he lived last, (d) the nearest large town to
      one of the above, or (e) none of the above.
 4)  They may provide information not shown on the
      passenger list, e.g., date and place of birth.
 5)  They may identify emigrants who emigrated as crew
      members and "jumped ship" in the U.S.A.
 6)  They are available on microfilm in Salt Lake City or
      at branches of the LDS Family History Center.
 7)  Most of them are indexed.
  There are, of course, drawbacks, the greatest being that
 they may not be as comprehensive as the passenger lists
 since not everyone was registered.  The advantages far
 outweigh the drawbacks, however.  Emigrants traveling to
 Hamburg frequently exhausted their funds by the time they
 reached the port; or discovered on arrival that the ticket
 they had purchased was for a non-existent ship or company;
 or perhaps that the fare was higher than they had been
 told; or that the weather would not permit sailing; or that
 the ship was not yet back from the United States; or that
 the ship did not have a crew.  The list goes on almost
 without end.  The result was commonly a stay in Hamburg
 either to wait, to make new arrangements, to work, or all
 of the above.  Many of those delayed in Hamburg, and indeed
 many who were not significantly delayed, appear in the
 records kept by the Police General Office of Relocation
 (Allgemeines Polizeiliches Meldeamt).

 The records available from the Family History Library in
 Salt Lake City occupy 941 rolls of film, cover the period
 between 1834 and 1929, and come in various forms, as
 follows:

 >   Passport Records (Reisepassprotokolle) 1852-1929, 323
      rolls of film.
 >   General out-of-town arrivals (Allgemeine Fremden
      Meldeprotokolle), 2 series.
 >   Male and Female Laborers and Servants, 1843-1890, 256
      rolls of film.
 >   Male and Female Transients, 1868-1899, 289 rolls of
      film.  Specific Groups
 >   Journeymen (Gesellenprotokolle), 1850-1867, 24 rolls
      of film.
 >   Farm Laborers and Domestics (Meldeprotokolle fur
      Gesinde), 1834-1867, 32 rolls of film.
 >   Male and Female Servants (Fremdenmeldeprotokolle)
      1834-1840, 17 rolls of film.

 As an example of the type of information available in these
 records, examination of the 256 film series above provides
 the following information for almost every entry.
 a)  Registration number
 b)  Full name
 c)  Place of birth
 d)  Age or date of birth
 e)  Occupation or status (Stand)
 f)  Last place of residence (Letzter Aufenthalt)
 g)  Proof of identity (Legitimation), some issued in
      Hamburg, many  elsewhere with place and date of issue.
 h)  Place of residence/employment in Hamburg with date.

 Thus this record provides another means of tracking the
 immigrant ancestor back to his place of birth, via the
 place from which he emigrated.  It also takes the
 researcher directly to birth records, and from there to the
 next generation.

 The specific microfilm needed can be identified in the LDS
 Family History Center locality file under the captions:

     "Germany, Hamburg, Emigration and Immigration"
     "Germany, Hamburg, Occupations"
     "Germany, Hamburg, Population."

 Parenthetically, it is well to note that many emigrants
 were in Hamburg long enough to get married or to have
 children.  Salt Lake has hundreds of rolls of film of
 Hamburg civil and church records evidencing births and
 marriages, as well as guardianship records for children
 whose parents may have died on the journey and military
 records for those who served in the local armed forces to
 raise money for the trip to America.

                              Passport Records
                            ****************

 original author not identified
 Posted to the Echo by Bobbi Zee
 November 1994



 The following information is a guide to a little known
 source of genealogical information.

 Except for a short time during the Civil War, passports
 were not required of U.S. citizens traveling abroad before
 World War I.  They were frequently obtained when not
 required, however, because of the added protection they
 might afford. The National Archives has passport
 applications received by the Department of State, with
 related records, 1791-1925. The records are in Record Group
 59 or Record Group 84. Passport applications less than 75
 years old may not be used without permission.

 A passport application varies in content, the information
 being ordinarily less detailed before the Civil War than
 afterward.  It usually contains the name, signature, place
 of residence, age, and personal description of the
 applicant; names or number of persons in the family
 intending on travel; the date; and, where appropriate, the
 date and court of naturalization. It sometimes contains the
 exact date and place of birth of the applicant and of
 spouse and minor children, if any, accompanying the
 applicant, and, if the applicant was a naturalized citizen,
 the date and port of arrival in the United States, name of
 vessel on which the applicant arrived, and date and court
 of naturalization.

 For the period 1906-25, each application includes name of
 applicant, date and place of birth, name and date and place
 of birth of spouse or children (when applicable), residence
 and occupation at time of application, immediate travel
 plans, physical description, and photograph. Often
 accompanying applications are transmittal letters and
 letters from employers, relatives, and others attesting to
 the applicants purpose for travel abroad.  Passport
 applications are arranged chronologically, and the main
 series, 1830-1925, is in bound  volumes.  There are various
 finding aids to facilitate a search for a particular
 application including indexes that sometimes contain
 helpful genealogical information.

 Emergency passport applications, 1877-1905, are also in
 bound volumes. These applications for passports or renewals
 of passports were made at U.S. Foreign Service posts
 abroad. They are arranged by name of post, and thereunder
 chronologically, but an index to applicants cites the name
 of the post.  Emergency passport applications, 1906-25, are
 in varying arrangements; there is an index for 1906-18,
 with entries arranged alphabetically as far as the first
 two letters of the surname.

 For some periods during the years 1907-25, there are
 separate applications for U.S. Foreign Service personnel
 and their dependents, military personnel and civilian
 government employees and their dependents, residents of
 Puerto Rico and the Philippine Islands, aliens who had
 applied for citizenship, and persons who intended to visit
 China. The applications are covered by the indexes for the
 main series.

  Other series include a register of passports issued,
 1817-34; a register of passports issued to persons destined
 for Santo Domingo Island, 1799-1801; applications and
 certificates, 1907-25, filed at U.S. Foreign Service posts
 by persons who intended to stay in a particular country for
 an extended period, and an index for the years 1907-21; and
 post-World War I applications for certificates of identity
 filed by wives of members of the American Expeditionary
 Forces and U.S. citizens who were residents of Germany.

 In addition, there are passports records in the National
 Archives that are maintained by diplomatic and consular
 posts abroad. Those records before 1874 were not always
 duplicated in the Department's own files. For the most
 part, they are scattered and contain relatively little
 information.

 Passport records after 1906, write to: Passport Office
                                        Department of State
                                        1425 K St. N.W.
                                        Washington, D.C.

 Passport records after 1906, Write to: Diplomatic Records
                                        Branch of the
 National Archives
                                        Room 5 E
                                        Washington, D.C.
 20408


 There is a service charge.
                   A NOTE ON THE SCOTS IN POLAND 1550-1800
                 ***************************************


 by Anna Bieganska

 Excerpted from "Scotland and Europe, 1220-1850," ed. T. C.
 Smout, John Donald Publishers, Ltd., Edinburgh

 Scots in the early modern period were particularly drawn to
 Poland, due to certain factors that distinguished that
 country from others which they also found attractive such
 as France, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and Russia; firstly,
 although Poland was Catholic, she readily offered shelter
 to those of other persuasions, and was equally hospitable
 to Calvinist and to Catholic Scots; secondly, because in
 Poland participation in trade was regarded as degrading for
 a gentlemen, there was an obvious opening for immigrants
 with a flair for peddling; thirdly, the Polish army
 consisted mainly of cavalry, so Scottish foot soldiers, who
 had an unrivalled reputation, were highly valued.
 Commercial relations between Scotland and Poland went back
 as far as the end of the fourteenth century.  The inflow
 increased in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries,
 reaching its peak in the second half of the sixteenth and
 the first half of the seventeenth centuries.   As far as
 can be ascertained, the Scots emigrating to Poland
 originated from over 140 localities situated chiefly in the
 east and northeast of Scotland.  They arrived mainly by sea
 at Gdansk (Danzig) and the other Baltic ports, though some
 came by land from Germany or Bohemia.  They moved
 southwards from the coast, initially to  localities
 situated on the main roads and rivers.  They showed
 preference for settling in private towns, in `latifundia'
 of the aristocracy, in gentry or monastic properties within
 the royal towns, and in the country estates of the
 nobility, but were also more generally residents in the
 royal towns.  They have been found in over 420 localities
 in Poland.

 The vast majority of the immigrants were peddlers and small
 itinerant tradesmen, particularly weavers, cutlers, and
 shoemakers.  Those of some financial standing even became
 merchants, or established artisans.  The mercenaries were
 either directly transported from Scotland or recruited in
 Poland from the peddlers and itinerant tradesmen.  Spytek
 Wawrzyniec Jordan, a well-known captain in Stefan Batory's
 army, stressed that when need arose peddlers put aside
 their baskets and girded on their swords. He highly praised
 their qualities as foot soldiers, saying that 2,000 Scots
 were better by far than 6,000 Polish infantry.  There were
 also a few immigrant clergy, both Reformed (e. g., J.
 Drury) and Catholic (e. g., R. Abercrombie), and some
 erudite scholars, such as the physician W. Davidson and the
 lawyer W. Bruce, but these were infrequent.

 The peddlers refrained from paying taxes and remained
 outside the bounds of guild organization, carrying out
 their business illegally as they sold goods `ulna et
 libra,' gained direct access to customers' homes both in
 town and country, and provided goods on credit or in direct
 barter for agricultural products and raw materials.  They
 were thus serious rivals to those who had to bear municipal
 and guild burdens: the latter therefore objected to the
 illegal ways by which the Scots earned their bread.

 National and municipal authorities promulgated a series of
 edicts against the vagrant Scots.  As early as 1562 and
 1565 the Seym (Diet) enacted laws against the Scottish
 peddlers, and in granting privileges to towns the kings
 frequently forbade them to admit Scots to municipal rights
 unless they also had domicile.  Casimir Jagiellonczyk did
 so in respect of Gdansk in 1457; Sigismond August,
 following a writ of the Prussian estates dated 1537, issued
 a general edict in 1551, and one respecting Miedzyrzecz in
 1556; Stefan Batory issued an edit in respect to Poznan in
 1576, and a manifesto in 1580; Sigismond III one in respect
 to Kcynia in 1594, and a manifesto in 1600 that
 differentiated two categories of Scots -- peddlers and
 traders -- of whom only the latter might be granted
 municipal rights under certain safeguards.  In 1616 the
 same king promulgated a decree against Scottish peddlers.
 The problem was also raised several times by the Prussian
 estates.

 Various municipal instructions and resolutions also aimed
 at eliminating vagrant Scottish peddlers and itinerant
 tradesmen, forbidding purchase of goods or offers of
 hospitality to them, limiting their sojourn in the town
 after the end of fairs, interdicting them from organizing
 illegal societies, ordering them to remove their
 signboards, and restricting the number of craftsman-
 tailors residing within a cloister to one.

 The same policy is revealed in statutes of the small
 traders' guilds, for example in Bydgoszcz in 1568, 1581,
 1622 and 1635, though here four resident Scots were granted
 fellowship.  The regulations of several crafts protected
 their members against Scottish peddlers, viz. shoemakers,
 bellowsmakers, harnessmakers, glovers, tailors, cutlers,
 smiths, pewterers, and linen drapers.

 Nonetheless, the country was swarming with immigrants.
 Their number was estimated in an intuitive and subjective
 way by contemporaries at from 15,000 to 40,000 people or
 even 30,000 families. Placenames such as Nowa Szkocja,
 Skotna Gora, Szkockie Wzgorza, Sckotowo, Sckotowka, Szkoty,
 Szkotniki, Szoty, and in Gdansk, Szkocka Grobla (Scottish
 Jetty), Pasaz Szkocki (Scottish  Passage), Brama Douglasa
 (Douglas' Gate) and others embodying a family name, like
 Ramzy, also bear witness to the important inflow of the
 newcomers.

 How many Scots actually lived in Poland, and when did they
 arrive? There is no way of computing the number accurately,
 but some impression may be gained from careful
 investigation of the sources of the scale, and more
 especially of the timing, of the movement.  If one regards
 a Scot as having "arrived" when his name was entered for
 the first time in the documents, the largest numbers of
 names from 1550 onwards are concentrated in the period
 1570-1690, but because there is no way of distinguishing
 between an immigrant and his descendant, many, especially
 at the end of the period and in the eighteenth century,
 must be regarded as second- or third-generation Scottish
 immigrants, not genuine newcomers to Polish society.  It is
 therefore reasonable to assume that the main arrival of
 Scots occurred in the last three decades of the sixteenth
 century (especially the 1580s) and the first half of the
 seventeenth century (especially in the 1610s).  The figures
 themselves, however, should not mislead us.  On the one
 hand, the sources generally relate to adult males: we do
 not know what families they brought with them, or acquired
 in Poland.  On the other hand, only a fraction of the names
 actually appear in the sources.  The "vagrant" Scots were
 generally untraceable, as were many settled immigrants.
 Well-to-do citizens formed so-called "silent societies,"
 concealing several countrymen as pseudo-factors so that
 neither their names nor number can be precisely discovered.
 Attempts to solve the problem are not fully satisfactory.
 For instance, at first sight the most comprehensive list of
 Scots in Poland is contained in the subsidy list of those
 ordered to contribute to the cause of Charles II in 1651,
 giving 461 names, but other sources give the names of
 another 141 Scots who must have been in Poland in that
 year.  And how many were there who escaped entry both in
 the subsidy list and in the other sources?

 The Scots' full assimilation into Polish society generally
 occurred in the second or third generations, although this
 did not mean that the offspring of the immigrants were not
 aware of their origin; they often knew and used the
 language of their fathers both in speech and writing.  On
 the whole, the immigrants were loyal toward their new
 country, though under the stress of war some of them
 regarded it as more advantageous to support Poland's
 invaders and others returned to Scotland, mostly to invest
 money they had earned in Poland such as John Turner and
 Robert Brown.  More enterprising individuals, like the wine
 monopolist Robert-Wojciech Portius, the corn merchant
 Daniel Davidson, the baker Peter Tepper, and the
 manufacturer Thomas Dangel, became very rich people and
 contributed to the economic life of the country of their
 choice.

 By the end of the eighteenth century the process of
 polonization was complete.  Several descendants of the
 Scots were completely devoted to the Polish cause, some
 participating in risings against the partitioners of Poland
 and thereby proving their patriotic devotion to the country
 where their ancestors had settled.  Nowadays a number of
 people with Scottish names take an active part in Polish
 social, economic, cultural, religious, and political life.

 Scottish immigration to Poland differed from that of the
 Italians in the first half of the sixteenth century, of the
 Armenians in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries,
 of the Saxons at the turn of the seventeenth and eighteenth
 centuries, and from that of the English as well.  The
 Italians arrived in Poland in Bona's suite, to the number
 of about 350 persons; they appeared predominantly at the
 royal court in a large range of occupations from
 dignitaries to servants, and had among them outstanding
 representatives of intellectual life and artisans of high
 skill.  The Italians contributed to closer relations
 between Italy and Poland and transmitted the art and spirit
 of the Renaissance.  The Armenians resembled the Scots in
 that they too were mainly peddlers, tradesmen, and
 craftsmen, but the territory where they settled was limited
 to the southeast of Poland, and the number far smaller than
 that of the Scots.  The Saxon immigration was largely
 military, related to the policies of August II Wettin as
 Polish king and Saxon elector; and that of the English was
 largely restricted to the representative of rich merchants
 and their companies.

 The Scots, however, had few advantages.  There were not,
 like the Italians, bound to the throne, and they had
 therefore to make a special effort to penetrate Polish
 society, particularly in the economic field. Their trade
 differed from that carried on by the English in being
 small-scale and without the backing of extensive capital.
 It must be stressed again that the Scots were in the
 majority peddlers who obtained direct access both to
 producers and customers, buying and selling quantities of
 cheap goods of low quality.  Regardless of their financial
 status they were engaged in credit transactions.  One
 feature above all characterized the Scots: they were
 readily responsive to market needs and knew how to make the
 best of any situation.
                          PROTESTANT CHURCH RECORDS
                    IN SILESIA, GRUNBERG AND VICINITY
                    *********************************


 Werner Freiherr von Eichenau,
 Am Dietrichsberg 45,
 6620 Volklingen 7
 Germany


 The research goal of my trip to Silesia was Wenig Lessen in
 the Liegnitz administrative district, today Lesniow Maly,
 Zielona Gora county, in Grunberg province. The parson in
 Grunberg, who now also looks after the branches of Crossen
 (once Crossen [Oder] county, Frankfurt/Oder district,
 Brandenburg province, Krosno Odrzanskie, pow. Ziemia
 Lubuska, woj.  Zielonogorskie), Lippen (Lipno) and Wenig
 Lessen (Lesniow Maly), did not know what had happened to
 the pre-war church records.  Now I began to search for the
 registry records for Laesgen (Laski Odrzanskie), to which
 administrative district Lessen had belonged.  At the
 registry office in Rothenburg (Czerwiensk) I was told that
 after the war the old records for the whole region had been
 assembled and sent to the State Archives in Grunberg.  They
 are stored there among the registry records from Laesgen
 and Gross Lessen (Lesniow Wielki).  In 1874-1879 Wenig
 Lessen belonged to Laesgen registry office, and from 1880
 on to the Gross Lessen registry office.  In the Grunberg
 State Archives there are no church records from Lippen and
 Logau (Lagow), but the church records from Crossen are
 there: marriage records 1765-1778; baptismal records
 1766-1777 and 1880-1944; death records 1777-1778.

 All other books were destroyed during the war.  In the
 second half of the 19th century the village of Laesgen
 belonged to Polnisch Nettkow parish (Nietkow).  In the
 State Archives there are church records from this parish;
 they cover only the years 1813-1860.  In view of the fact
 that Polnisch Nettkow is a branch church of Rothenburg, it
 occurred to me that it might have been so in the 18th and
 the beginning of the 19th centuries also.  So I also
 succeeded in finding the Protestant church records of
 Rothenburg.  They survived the war, cover the years
 1655-1899, and are located in the Central Archives of the
 Protestant Church in West Berlin, Jebenstrasse 3.
                                  BISKUPIN
                  THE BEGINNINGS OF THE POLISH CULTURE
                  ************************************


 Researched and prepared
 by Leonard B. Cieslak



 Looking at a map of Eastern Europe one gets a glimpse of
 four distinctive physical views of this area.  On the
 North, one sees a huge plain which forms the Southern coast
 of the Baltic Sea.  It is approximately 250 to 350 miles in
 depth and is open on both the Western and Eastern ends of
 this area. To the South, the perimeter of the Plain is
 closed by the Northern extension of the Carpathian
 Mountains.  These mountains are like a huge serpentine
 chain which stretches across the central part of Eastern
 Europe, from the North to the South in an eastern sweeping
 curve.  On the West of these mountains begins the large
 Danubian River Valley with its river tributaries and many
 plains, which first run North and South and then East,
 cutting through the mountains to enter the Black Sea.  In
 the final view one finds the rugged landscape of the Balkan
 Peninsula on the North, The Danubian Valley on the West and
 South, the Adriatic and Aegean Seas on the East, and the
 Black Sea.  This is the basin into which poured the Nomadic
 Tribes from all directions.

 In order to focus in on any one of the Prehistoric
 Settlements of the Danubian Basin, it must be visualized
 that the beginnings of human settlement in the Valleys of
 the Odra and Vistula began in the Two Hundredth Millennium
 B.C. There is evidence to indicate that Primitive Man made
 his appearance on this Territory well before the last Ice
 Age.  Traces of permanent settlements of hunters and food
 gatherers dating back to approximately 38,000 - 32,000 B.C.
 have been found in caves in the Cracow Region.  This was
 the Age of the Paleolithic Era from Archaeological evidence
 found at the sites of Ojcow and Swidry.

 Moving into the Stone Age or the onset of the Neolithic
 Period around 4,400 B.C. permanent Agricultural Settlements
 began to appear.  A gradual arrival of relatively advanced
 tribes of Mediterranean stock via the Middle Danube Basin
 was evident.  The predominant features found from
 Archaeological sites was the pottery of these cultures.
 Here are included the Funnel Beaker Culture, the Corded
 Ware Culture, the Bell Beaker Culture and in the North-East
 the Pit-Comb Culture.  The principle sites are located at
 Rzucewo, near Gdansk, at Sarnowo near Bydgoszcz, at
 Jordanow near Wroclaw and at Krzemionka, Chmielow and Zlota
 near Kielce.  Another important feature of this period was
 the use of Flint Tools.  The largest and best preserved
 flint mine has been discovered at Krzemionki Opatowskie.
 "Neolithic means New Stone".

 The Bronze Age reached the Danubian Basin around 1800 B.C.
 and each Age Culture is thus classified by the location of
 their initial find.  The Unetice People (circa 1800 - 1400
 B.C.) were first identified in Moravia, were Pastoralists
 who worked both in Bronze and Gold.  The Trzciniec People
 (circa 1500 - 100 B.C.) came from the Lublin Area, were
 like the Iwno People of the Lower Vistula.  They were
 Patriarchal Sunworshipers who practiced cremation.

 From this point in time we can focus in on the Lausitz or
 Lusatian People (circa 1300 - 400 B.C.) who were first
 identified in the Lusatian District of East Germany.  This
 was the beginning of the Lusatian Culture, a name given to
 various farming and stock breeding tribes which initially
 inhabited great areas of the basin and adjacent regions of
 the Danubian Basin.

 The long centuries of peaceful development from about 1300
 B.C. to 400 B.C., years untroubled, it seems by alien
 incursions, promoted a considerable uniformity in the
 features of the material culture.

 They built wooden fortresses, among them the famous island
 stronghold at BISKUPIN in Eastern POSNANIA, with its
 elaborate timber breakwater and high rampart.  BISKUPIN was
 a fortified island settlement established around 550 B.C.
 by the representatives of the so called Lusatian Culture,
 which was probably the main component of later Slav
 Civilization.

 Entrance to the settlement, which was oval shaped and
 surrounded by a palisade, was by means of a gate at the end
 of a causeway some 120 meters long.  The settlement was
 further protected by a breakwater composed of an estimated
 35,000 stakes, which would have repelled invaders and
 reduced the thrust of ice pressing against the banks of the
 island. Inside, there were more than a hundred huts
 arranged side by side along twelve parallel streets, all
 ending in one street that inscribed a surrounding oval
 line.

 It has been possible to study the cultural achievements of
 these people in this large fortified settlement from about
 400 B.C., which has been excavated at BISKUPIN and
 Bydgoszcz Voivodship. The principle features were;
 primitive farming methods and animal husbandry, a high
 skill of carpentry and pottery, and the use of iron forge
 weapons and some of the tools.  It may be assumed that
 fortified settlements of this type were the seats of the
 wealthier Patriarchal Families who protected their growing
 wealth from greedy neighbors.  Evidence of attacks on the
 settlements by nomadic Scythians was uncovered with
 skeletons of mutilated men, women and children and bone
 arrowheads embedded in charred gateposts located at the
 archaeological site.

 During the Iron Age various peoples, Scynthians, Celts and
 numerous Germanic Tribes invaded, and in many cases settled
 in the Danubian Basin, thereby contributing to the early
 racial mixture.  The ethnic affiliation of the people,
 known as the Lusatian Culture, was completely absorbed by
 the Slavs.  It is no accident that this change coincided
 with economic changes related on the one hand to the
 development of iron metallurgy with ore mined locally.

 Biskupin was located near the Luxury Trade Route or as is
 also known as the Amber Route, which ran from the countries
 of the Roman Empire of Rhineland and Aquileia through the
 Danubian Basin Territories to the Baltic Seaboard. This
 Settlement existed for approximately 150 years, due to
 climatic weather changes, the rising lake levels forced the
 inhabitants to abandon the site.  Thus, BISKUPIN was
 submerged into the lake depths. In 1934 this site was
 discovered once again and Archaeological excavations have
 been performed.  It was noted that the specific chemical
 properties of the water and soil, "the foundations -
 buildings of wood have been substantially preserved".
 Archaeologists have reconstructed part of the settlement,
 including pavements, several huts, the entrance gate and
 some of the palisade, and much of the original breakwater.